HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHOLECYSTECTOMIES IN A TERITIARY CARE CENTER

Introduction: Cholecystectomy is the most common surgical procedure performed for cholelithiasis (gall stones). Cholelithiasis is one of the most common gastro intestinal disorder worldwide. Usually asymptomatic, but commonly encountered symptoms may be right upper quadrant pain, dyspepsia and belching. The incidence of cholelithiasis is 2-4 times more in women than in men. The aim of the present study is to identify various morphological patterns and frequency of gall bladder lesions in cholecystectomy specimens. The Materials And Methods: present study was a cross sectional descriptive study of all cholecystectomy specimens received in the department of pathology, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; conducted over a period of 12 months from September 2021 to August 2022. The relevant and detailed clinical history were taken and processing was done in these specimens for histopathological examination. A total of 80 cholecystectomy specimens were received in the Results: department. Out of which, 79 were in?ammatory gall bladder lesions and only one case was reported as malignancy. The most common age group affected were in 4th to 5th decade with female preponderance comprising of 47cases (58.75%) while the gall bladder carcinoma was reported in 72 years of age. Among the in?ammatory lesions, most common one was chronic cholecystitis comprising of 64 cases, 80.5% (63.6% associated with gall stones) were chronic cholecystitis, followed by 10 cases (12.5%) of acute cholecystitis (100% associated with gall stones), 2cases (2.5%) of polyps & Adenomyomatosis each. Only one case (1.25%) of each Cholesterolosis & gall bladder adenocarcinoma was reported. Chronic cholecystitis is the Conclusion: most common gall bladder disease for which cholecystectomies are being done. The present had reported various morphological patterns encountered in the cholecystectomy specimens received in the department

A Prospective and Retrospective Study of Bone Marrow in Patients with Pancytopenia– A Study of 150 Cases

BACKGROUND : The bone marrow is widely distributed organ and is the principle site for blood cells forma?on. The broad spectrum of disorders affects the marrow primarily or secondarily with presenta?on of peripheral pancytopenia. Hence, bone marrow examina?on is extremely helpful in evalua?on of pancytopenia. This study emphasizes the different causes of pancytopenia and bone marrow morphology in cases of pancytopenia. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study is a retrospec?ve and prospec?ve study done in the department of Pathology, for a period of two years. All the relevant history, clinical details, radiological details, and biochemistry parameters were considered. RESULTS: Out of 150 cases,96 were males and 54 were females. Majority of the pa?ents were in the age group of 41-60 years (54%) amongst whom Megaloblas?c anaemia was the most important cause of pancytopenia. CONCLUSION: Bone marrow aspira?on is rela?vely a very safe invasive procedure and primarily permits cytological assessment since the underlying pathology determines the management and prognosis of the pa?ents.

Study of Variations in the Course of Brachial Artery: A Cadaveric Study

Background: Brachial artery begins as a continuation of axillary artery at the distal border of teres major, runs downward at first medial to the humerus and then inclines to lie in front of the bone until it appears in the cubital fossa, where it ends at the level of the neck of radius by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries. Objectives: To know the variations in the course of brachial artery. Methods: Dissection was done on 40 upper limbs from embalmed adult human cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally. Dissection of Brachial artery was carried out according to Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy. Results: In all 40 specimens (100%), the brachial artery begins at the inferior border of the teres major muscle as the continuation of the axillary artery. In 37 specimens (92.5%), single brachial artery (BA) was present in the arm. It runs inferiorly on the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle to the cubital fossa. It divides into the radial artery (RA) and ulnar artery (UA) opposite the neck of radius at elbow. In 3 specimens (7.5%), doubling of the brachial artery in its course was observed. In these specimens, the brachial artery was divided into two divisions in the arm. Both divisions runs inferiorly on the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle to the cubital fossa. In these two divisions, one lies superficial to the median nerve and was called the superficial brachial artery (SBA) and other division continues as the brachial artery proper (BAP). In all these 3 specimens (7.5%), the superficial brachial artery (SBA) continued as the radial artery (RA) and brachial artery proper (BAP) continued as the ulnar artery (UA) in the cubital fossa. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study is important for Surgeons, Orthopedicians, Vascular surgeons, Clinicians and Anatomists as it provides the knowledge of variations in the course of brachial artery in the arm and cubital fossa.

Assessment of postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment using rotary and reciprocating file systems: an in vivo study

Background@#Various instrument kinematics used in single-visit endodontics influence the occurrence of pain after endodontic therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of pain after mechanical instrumentation with Hyflex EDM (HEDM) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) during single-visit endodontic therapy. @*Methods@#Sixty patients diagnosed with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis and normal apical tissues in mandibular premolar teeth were included in the study for single-visit root canal therapy. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 30) according to the rotary instrument used during root canal preparation (group A [HEDM] and group B [WOG]). Pain was evaluated after endodontic therapy at 8, 24, and 48 h intervals using the visual analog scale (VAS). Data obtained were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, MannWhitney U test, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. @*Results@#Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups (P < 0.001) at 8, 24, and 48 h, with WOG exhibiting less pain than HEDM files. @*Conclusion@#Postoperative pain was lower in the WOG file system than in the HEDM file system after single-visit root canal therapy at 8, 24, and 48 h.

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a child with brucellosis

Human brucellosis is a zoonotic infection, mostly caused by B. melitensis and usually presents as an acute febrile illness. Once considered rare in children, it is now recognized that brucellosis can affect persons of all ages, especially in areas where B. melitensis is the predominant species. Complications may affect any organ system. On the other hand Secondary Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (SHLH) can occur due to systemic infections, immunodeficiency, and underlying malignancies. (SHLH) is histologically characterized by excessive proliferation and activation of histiocytes or macrophages. Brucellosis associated with SHLH should be suspected whenever there is a prolonged fever along with hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia.

A Study of Correlation of Clinical Variables with Presenting Stage and Type of Endometrial Cancer at a Tertiary Care Hospital - A Retrospective Study

Introduction: The prevalence of gynecological cancers has been increasing in the Asian population. With the recent changingtrend in lifestyle and reproductive profile of women, the number of cases being diagnosed with endometrial cancer is increasing.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation of various clinical risk factors of endometrial carcinoma on thehistopathology and presenting stage of the disease.Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, retrospective study included 100 patients of endometrial carcinoma presented atthe Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chennai, India, between January 2016 and June 2019. The correlation of age(≤40 years and >40 years), parity status (parous and nulliparous), menstrual status (premenopause and postmenopause),diabetes, hypertension, duration of complaint (≤6 months and >6 months), and body mass index (BMI) with the stage of thedisease (clinical/radiological and pathological stages) and histological class was analyzed.Results: The mean age of patients was 56.4 ± 11.3 years. Among the 100 patients, a total of 62 (63.6%) patients had presentedwith clinical/radiological stage-I, of which 6 patients had defaulted for treatment and 6 patients had the stage-IV disease. Of the88 patients who underwent staging laparotomy, 59 (67%) patients had pathological stage-I carcinoma and 3, 18, and 8 patientspresented in stage II, III, and IV disease, respectively. Histopathological evaluation revealed endometrioid adenocarcinomaas the most common type, in 79 patients (79%). No significant correlation of any of the risk factors on clinical/radiological,pathological as well as on histopathology was observed.Conclusion: The study did not state the statistically significant association of age, parity status, menopause, diabetes,hypertension, BMI, and the duration of complaints with the histological class of endometrial carcinoma and presenting clinicaland pathological stages of endometrial carcinoma.

Awareness and contraceptive practices among reproductive women in an urban area, Telangana, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Current world population is 7.6 billions and India accounts 1.3 billions, India is the second most populous country in the world, by 2050 the world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion. Family Planning can have a positive impact on population growth, maternal mortality, and infant and new-born outcomes. Hence there is a need for considerable improvement in coverage and quality of family planning services. The objective of the study is to assess the awareness and contraceptive practices among womens.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban health-training center area of Rangareddy district, Telangana state. The study participants involved were women of reproductive age group 15–45 years. 200 women were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data entry was done in Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: In this study 50% women belong to 26-35 year age group. 64% were literate, 41.4% belong to upper middle class, 74% women’s source of information regarding contraceptives is from medical professionals. 61% women are aware of contraception and 34% practice it.Conclusions: Based on our observation, 60% women were aware of contraception but only 34% practice at least one method. The common reasons for not practicing contraception are lack of knowledge, the desire for male child, pressure from husband. This study concludes that factors like age, education, socio-economic status have significant impact on awareness and practice of contraception.

Knowledge regarding diarrhoea prevention and its management and its determinants among mothers of under 5 age children in urban area of Sangareddy, Telangana

Background: Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age, and is responsible for killing around 5,25,000 children every year. A major determinant of child health is the health and knowledge of the mother. So the knowledge, attitude and health practices of the mothers directly reflect on the health and vitality of the child.Methods: A community based cross sectional type of study was conducted among mothers who had children of 0-5 years of age using pre designed, pretested structured questionnaire. Study area was 5 urban slum pockets in Tertiary care hospital of Sangareddy, Telangana. 255 mothers were selected for the study using random sampling technique.Results: Out of the total 255 study populations most of the mothers were literate, living in nuclear families belonging to Hindu religion. About half of the mothers had knowledge regarding diarrhoea and 71.4% of the mothers have given hospital treatment for it. When asked about 78.4% of mothers told that they follow preventive health practices. Majority of mothers had a good knowledge regarding steps to be taken by health care facility during diarrheal attack.Conclusions: On the basis of the present study, there was a significant association of knowledge regarding diarrhoea with maternal literacy and socio economic status. This study brought out the health seeking behaviour of mothers of under five children.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of >20 years

Background: Obesity is a newly emerging, global pandemic problem involving developed as well as developing countries. Even in countries like India, which are typically known for high prevalence of under nutrition, significant proportions of overweight and obese now coexist with the undernourished. Overweight and Obesity are the 5th leading risk of global deaths. Rapidly changing diets and lifestyles are increasing the global obesity epidemic. According to recent estimates, there are more than one billion overweight people worldwide, and some 300 million of these are estimated to be obese. Obesity is one of the important risk factors for non communicable disease like CAD, stroke, cancer, depression etc, going to increase burden of non communicable diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality. Aims and objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of >20 years and to identify various factors associated with overweight and obesity. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted and 446 women of 20-60 years age were included in the study. A Predesigned questionnaire was used for the study. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference were measured using standard techniques. Results: In the present study, prevalence of overweight in the study population was 28.2% and obesity 13.6%. Overweight & Obesity were significantly associated with family history, comorbid conditions etc. Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight & obesity is increasing in developing countries like India due to changing life styles, diet patterns and sedentary life style. This observation emphasizes large scale awareness campaign about overweight and obesity

Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Pharmacotherapies in Myofacial Pain: A Randomised Study

Background Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a collective term for the disorders involving the temporomandibular joint, the soft-tissue structures within the joint and the muscles of mastication. Myofascial pain is the most common type of painful TMD, characterised by pain in the muscles of mastication, frequently along with muscle dysfunction and tightness. Objectives To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with pharmacotherapy in the management of myofacial pain. Methodology A total of 40 patients with myofacial pain are divided into two groups, in which 20 patients (Group A) were treated with pharmacotherapy and other 20 patients (Group B) were treated with TENS. Results In Group B, all the patients were responded well for therapy, and there was significant reduction in myofacial pain as compared with patients in Group A. Conclusion Our study revealed a positive result towards TENS therapy and concluded that it can be given as first line of therapy.

Medical student抯 perception on teaching-learning methods of pharmacology in a medical college

Background: To know the Medical student抯 perception on teaching and learning methods of pharmacology in a medical college attached to tertiary care hospital.Methods: This is a questionnaire based study conducted in a medical college. A pre-validated, pre-designed questionnaire containing 22 points was given to 5th semester students to know their perception on teaching and learning methods.Results: Analysis was done on 150 medical students of a tertiary care hospital. Among them, 80 % wanted the faculty members to make more utilization of Audio-Visual aids for effective learning. 78.67 % students wanted to include case based learning in the curriculum and 86.67% wanted more of the clinical pharmacology to be introduced. A 28% wanted MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) to be included in the assessment of academic performance. A 13.33% felt that the ideal teaching method for learning pharmacology was didactic lectures. A 65% thought ideal teaching/learning media for pharmacology was the combination of LCD (Liquid Crystal display) projector and blackboard.Conclusions: The study revealed the ideal teaching and learning methods in pharmacology for the betterment of students.

Critical analysis of maternal deaths from sepsis in a tertiary care center and lessons learned

Background: Maternal mortality in India is reported to be 300 to 500 per 100,000 births in the Bulletin of World Health Organisation. It is far away from Millennium development goal 5 where it is required to reduce MMR to 109 per 100, 000 live births. Sepsis in pregnancy continues to be the third leading cause of preventable maternal deaths in India, still accounts for up to 10 to 50% of maternal deaths in our country. Aim: It was to critically analyze all the mothers who died due to sepsis in order to identify factors associated with deaths. Materials and methods: This prospective study was carried out in the labor room, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George hospital, Andhra Medical College for a period of twelve months from November 2016 to October 2017. All the mothers who died due to sepsis were included in the study and they were all analyzed modelled on the United Kingdom Confidential Enquiries into maternal deaths. Results: During the study period there were 44 total maternal deaths out of 5863 births giving maternal mortality ratio of 641 per 100,000 maternities. Out of 44 maternal deaths, 14 were due to sepsis making it the leading cause of maternal mortality in our institute. Out of fourteen deaths due to Chuppana Ragasudha, Atluri Phani Madhavi, Pulidindi Sanjana Sharon, Hyma, Sirisha, Syamala, Sravanthi, Sagarika. Critical analysis of maternal deaths from sepsis in a tertiary care center and lessons learned. IAIM, 2017; 4(12): 5-9. Page 6 sepsis nine were due to direct causes and the remaining five were due to indirect causes such as pneumonia, sickle cell disease with malaria, and pancytopenia. The ages of the women who died ranged from 19 to 38 years with a median age of 26 years. All had normal body mass index. Five women who died were tribals, six from rural areas and the remaining three from slums of urban areas. Eight women were primigravid. Eight women died from sepsis in the antenatal period, two deaths were in the first trimester after criminal abortion, three due to pneumonia, one had intrauterine dead fetus infected and the other was due to pancytopenia. Four deaths were due to genital tract sepsis after cesarean section and two were due to genital tract sepsis after normal delivery. These six had risk factors such as anemia, prolonged rupture of membranes etc. Conclusion: In few cases, the outcome was inevitable, but for majority it might have been different had the infection been diagnosed and treated more promptly. There are lessons learned from the deaths of these women to improve the survival of mothers and to achieve millennium development goal 5.

A study of oral Nifedipine and intravenous Labetalol in severe hypertension in pregnancy at teaching hospital

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, complicate up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide, constituting one of the greatest causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aim: To compare intravenous Labetalol with oral Nifedipine in their rapidity to control hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Pregnant woman with severe gestational hypertension ≥ 160/110 mm of Hg were randomized to receive intravenous Labetalol injection (in an escalating dose regimen of 20, 40, 80, 80 and 80 mg) or Nifedipine (10mg tab orally upto 5 doses ) until the target blood pressure of 150/90mm of Hg was achieved. Crossover treatment was effected if the initial treatment regimen was unsuccessful. Results: Mean time required 47 ± 14 mins in the Labetalol groups and 45 ± 15minutes in the Nifedipine group. This comparison showed no difference in the two groups with a „P‟ value of >0.05. The mean amount of drugs required to achieve BP 150/90mm of Hg were 96 ± 38in the Labetalol group and 23 ± 13mg in the Nifedipine group. And this comparison showed no difference statistically with a „P‟ value of >0.05. Most of the patients were controlled by 2 doses of each drug, 56% in the Labetalol group and 62% in the Nifedipine group. 12% and 14% in the Labetalol and Nifedipine group respectively were not controlled by 5 doses of either drug and required crossover drug therapy. Most of the patients were controlled by two doses of each drug, 50% in the Labetalol group and 60% in the Nifedipine group. 12.5% and 17.5% in the Labetalol & Nifedipine group respectively were not controlled by 5 doses of either drug andrequires crossover drug therapy.

Role of chrysin on expression of insulin signaling molecules.

Background: Currently available drugs are unsuccessful for the treatment of tye‑2 diabetes due to their adverseside‑effects. Hence, a search for novel drugs, especially ofplant origin, continues. Chrysin (5,7‑dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid, natural component of traditional medicinal herbs, present in honey, propolis and many plant extracts that hasbeen used in traditional medicine around the world to treat numerous ailments. Objective: The present study was aimed to identify the protective role of chrysin on the expression of insulin‑signaling molecules in the skeletal muscle of high fat and sucrose‑induced type‑2 diabetic adult male rats. Materials and Methods: The oral effective dose of chrysin (100 mg/kg body weight) was given once a day until the end of the study (30 days post‑induction of diabetes) to high fat diet‑induced diabetic rats.At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and free radical generation, as well as the levels of insulin signaling molecules and tissue glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. Results: Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance and impairment in insulin signaling molecules (IR, IRS‑1, p‑IRS‑1Tyr632, p‑ AktThr308), glucose transporter subtype 4 [GLUT4] proteins and glycogen concentration. Serum insulin, lipid profile, LPO and free radical generation were found to be increased in diabetic control rats.The treatment with chrysin normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, LPO and insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins. Conclusion: Our present findings indicate that chrysin improves glycemic control through activation of insulin signal transduction in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose‑induced type‑2 diabetic male rats.

Molecular approach to identify antidiabetic potential of Azadirachta indica.

Background: Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a medicinal plant, used in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. It is known to possess antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and diverse pharmacological properties. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of A. indica on insulin signal transduction and glucose homeostasis is obscure. Objective: The aim was to study the effects of A. indica aqueous leaf extract on the expression of insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation in target tissue of high‑fat and fructose‑induced type‑2 diabetic male rat. Materials and Methods: The oral effective dose of A. indica leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight [b.wt]) was given once daily for 30 days to high‑fat diet‑induced diabetic rats. At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, and the levels of insulin signaling molecules, glycogen, glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. Results: Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance and impairment in insulin signaling molecules (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate‑1, phospho‑IRS‑1Tyr632, phospho‑IRS‑1Ser636, phospho‑AktSer473, and glucose transporter 4 [GLUT4] proteins), glycogen concentration and glucose oxidation. The treatment with A. indica leaf extract normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile and insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins at 400 mg/kg b.wt dose. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that A. indica may play a significant role in the management of type‑2 diabetes mellitus, by improving the insulin signaling molecules and glucose utilization in the skeletal muscle.

Screening of Coriander Genotypes for Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance.

Twenty five genotypes of coriander were evaluated at Post Graduate Centre, UHS Campus, GKVK, Bangalore to screen the powdery mildew disease resistance, caused by Erisyphe spp is a serious disease. Among the genotypes, seventeen genotypes were highly susceptible, eight genotypes were susceptible and none of them showed resistance reaction.

Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis in Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) Genotypes.

Twenty-five coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated to estimate the correlation coefficient and path analysis in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Seed yield per plant exhibited positive and significant correlation with plant height, plant spread, fresh and dry weight of plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbellet, days to seed maturity and harvest index. The perusal of path analysis revealed that the traits viz., dry weight of plant and harvest index had higher direct and positive contribution towards seed yield. Therefore, great emphasis should be given for aforesaid characters while selecting for growth and yield related traits.

algorithm for estimating suspended sediment concentrations in the coastal waters of India using remotely sensed reflectance and its application to coastal environments

This study presents an empirical relationship of suspended sediment concentrations [SSCs] in the coastal waters, which is derived from the conventional methods, to radiometer remote sensing reflectance values [R[rs]] and satellite data in coastal waters of Kerala. An algorithm is then developed to utilize both in situ SSCs measured from conventional methods and R[rs] values. This algorithm is validated with the SSCs retrieved from Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor [OCM] data. A significant coefficient of determination [R[2]=0.62] is observed between the SSCs measured in situ and satellite derived SSCs. Reflectance values from more than two spectral wavelength bands are also employed to test the accuracy of results. Satellite derived SSCs range from 1- 40 mg/L in the coastal waters off Cochin, southwest India. The regional algorithm developed for the study area gives better results than Tassan's algorithm, and this algorithm can be used in estimation of SSC for coastal waters of western India

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Limnophila indica (Linn.) Druce on shigellosis / 中西医结合学报

The research aimed to evaluate the anti-Shigella and antacid activities of the methanolic extract of Limnophila indica.

Study of clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis.

Back ground: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, causes changes in peripheral blood markers with slight abnormal lipid profile including the production of different enzymes that are released by stromal, epithelial or inflammatory cells. These changes reflect metabolic changes in the gingival and periodontium in inflammation. Design of study: This important cohort study includes 54 subjects as chronic periodontitis patients along with 26 healthy age matched controls of both sexes, In this study, different peripheral blood markers (Neutrophils,WBC,RBC,Thrombocytes and Hb%), major inflammation markers (plasma Homocysteine, CRP),Total lipid profile (Cholesterol, TGL,HDL, LDL) and salivary enzymes (CK, LDH,AST, ALT, ALP, ACP and GGT) are studied to evaluate diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic effects in this disease. Results: Due to stasis of blood stream in periodontitis causes margination of central blood stream cells and finally there will be significant correlation in Neutrophils (r=0.342), WBC(r=0.431),thrombocytes(r=0.216),RBC(r=-0.183)Hblevel(r=-0.162).Inflammation markers and total lipid profile also show significant positive correlation: plasma homocystein (r=0.763),C-reactive protein(r=0.842),Total cholesterol,TGL,LDL (r=0.134,0.529,0.293) except HDL(r= -0.734). Salivary enzymes (CK-0.923, LDH-0.314, AST-0.841, ALT-0.832,ALP-0.782, ACP-0.826 and GGT-0.794) with gingival index and pocket depth. Conclusion: By studying this simple, economical clinical parameters we can assess the damage of periodontal tissue and useful in prediction of future risk of atherosclerosis in chronic periodontal patients.